Gaze correction of multi-view images

ABSTRACT

Gaze is corrected by adjusting multi-view images of a head. Image patches containing the left and right eyes of the head are identified and a feature vector is derived from plural local image descriptors of the image patch in at least one image of the multi-view images. A displacement vector field representing a transformation of an image patch is derived, using the derived feature vector to look up reference data comprising reference displacement vector fields associated with possible values of the feature vector produced by machine learning. The multi-view images are adjusted by transforming the image patches containing the left and right eyes of the head in accordance with the derived displacement vector field.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This application relates to the image processing of multi-view images ofhead, for example a stereoscopic pair of images of a head, having regardto the perceived gaze of the eyes of the head.

BACKGROUND

In many systems, stereoscopic pair of images, or more generallymulti-view images, of a head may be captured in one device and displayedon a different device for viewing by an observer. One non-limitingexample is a system for performing teleconferencing between twotelecommunications devices. In that case, each device may capture astereoscopic pair of images, or more generally multi-view images, of ahead of the observer of that device and transmit it to the other deviceover a telecommunications network for display and viewing by theobserver of the other device.

When a stereoscopic pair of images, or more generally multi-view images,of a head is captured and displayed, the gaze of the head in thedisplayed stereoscopic pair of images, or more generally multi-viewimages, may not be directed at the observer. This may be caused forexample by the gaze of the head not being directed at the camera systemused to capture the stereoscopic pair of images, for example because theuser whose head is imaged is observing a display in the same device asthe camera system and the camera system is offset above (or below) thatdisplay. In that case, the gaze in the displayed images will beperceived to be downwards (or upwards). The human visual system hasevolved high sensitivity to gaze during social interaction, using cuesgained from the relative position of the iris and white sclera of otherobservers. As such errors in the perceived gaze are disconcerting. Forexample in a system for performing teleconferencing, errors in theperceived gaze can create unnatural interactions between the users.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The present disclosure is concerned with an image processing techniquefor adjusting the stereoscopic pair of images, or more generallymulti-view images, of a head to correct the perceived gaze.

According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provideda method of adjusting multi-view images of a head to correct gaze, themethod comprising: in each image of the multi-view images, identifyingimage patches containing the left and right eyes of the head,respectively; in respect of the image patches containing the left eyesof the head in each image of the multi-view images, and also in respectof the image patches containing the right eyes of the head in each imageof the multi-view images, performing the steps of: deriving a featurevector from plural local image descriptors of the image patch in atleast one image of the multi-view images; and deriving a displacementvector field representing a transformation of an image patch, using thederived feature vector to look up reference data comprising referencedisplacement vector fields associated with possible values of thefeature vector; and adjusting each image of the multi-view images bytransforming the image patches containing the left and right eyes of thehead in accordance with the derived displacement vector field.

In this method, image patches containing the left and right eyes of thehead are identified and transformed. To derive a displacement vectorfield that represents the transformation, a feature vector is derivedfrom plural local image descriptors of the image patch in at least oneimage of the multi-view images and used to look up reference datacomprising reference displacement vector fields associated with possiblevalues of the feature vector. The form of the feature vector may bederived in advance from the reference data using machine learning. Thismethod allows the gaze to be corrected, thereby reducing thedisconcerting effect of incorrect gaze when the multi-view images aresubsequently displayed.

Various approaches to deriving and using displacement vector fields arepossible as follows.

In a first approach, displacement vector fields may be derived inrespect of the image patches in each image of the multi-view imagesindependently. This allows for correction of gaze, but there is a riskthat the displacement vector fields in respect of each image may beinconsistent with each other, with the result that conflictingtransformations are performed which can distort the stereoscopic effectand/or reduce the quality of the image.

However, the following alternative approaches overcome this problem.

A second possible approach is as follows. In the second approach, theplural local image descriptors used in the method are plural local imagedescriptors in both images of the multi-view images. In this case, thereference data comprises reference displacement vector fields for eachimage of the multi-view images, which reference displacement vectorfields are associated with possible values of the feature vector. Thisallows a displacement vector field to be derived from the reference datafor each image of the multi-view images. As such, the deriveddisplacement vector fields for each image of the multi-view images areinherently consistent.

A potential downside of this second approach is that it may require thereference data to be derived from stereoscopic or more generallymulti-view imagery, which may be inconvenient to derive. However, thefollowing approaches allow the reference data to be derived frommonoscopic imagery.

A third possible approach is as follows. In the third approach, theplural local image descriptors are plural local image descriptors in oneimage of the multi-view images, and the displacement vector fields arederived as follows. A displacement vector field representing atransformation of the image patch in said one image of the multi-viewimages is derived, using the derived feature vector to look up referencedata comprising reference displacement vector fields associated withpossible values of the feature vector. Then, a displacement vector fieldrepresenting a transformation of the image patch in the other multi-viewimage or images is derived by transforming the derived displacementvector field representing a transformation of the image patch in saidone image of the multi-view images in accordance with an estimate of theoptical flow between the image patches in the one image and the othermulti-view image or images.

Thus, in the third approach, the displacement vector fields derived inrespect of each image are consistent, because only one displacementvector field is derived from the reference data, and the otherdisplacement vector field is derived therefrom using a transformation inaccordance with an estimate of the optical flow between the imagepatches in the images of the multi-view images.

A fourth possible approach is as follows. In the fourth approach, theplural local image descriptors are plural local image descriptors inboth images of the multi-view images, and the displacement vector fieldsare derived as follows. An initial displacement vector fieldrepresenting a notional transformation of a notional image patch in anotional image having a notional camera location relative to the cameralocations of the images of the multi-view images, using the derivedfeature vector to look up reference data comprising referencedisplacement vector fields associated with possible values of thefeature vector. Then, displacement vector fields representing atransformation of the image patches in each image of the multi-viewimages are derived by transforming the initial displacement vector fieldin accordance with an estimate of the optical flows between the notionalimage patches in the notional images and the image patches in the imagesof the multi-view images.

Thus, in the fourth approach, the displacement vector fields derived inrespect of each image are consistent, because only one displacementvector field is derived from the reference data, this representing anotional transformation of a notional image patch in a notional imagehaving a notional camera location relative to the camera locations ofthe images of the multi-view images. The respective displacement vectorfields used to transform the two images of the multi-view images arederived therefrom using a transformation in accordance with an estimateof the optical flow between the notional image patches in the notionalimages and the images of the multi-view images.

A fifth possible approach is as follows. In the fifth approach,displacement vector fields in respect of the image patches in each imageof the multi-view images are derived, but then a merged displacementvector field is derived therefrom and used to transform the imagepatches containing both the left and right eyes of the head. In thiscase, the displacement vector fields for each image are consistentbecause they are the same.

The merging may be performed in any suitable manner. For example, themerging may be a simple average or may be an average that is weighted bya confidence value associated with each derived displacement vectorfield. Such a confidence value may be derived during the machinelearning.

According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, there isprovided an apparatus configured to perform a similar method to thefirst aspect of the disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Non-limitative embodiments are illustrated by way of example in theaccompanying figures, in which like reference numbers indicate similarparts, and in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of a device that captures astereoscopic pair of images;

FIG. 2 is a schematic perspective view of a device that displays thestereoscopic pair of images;

FIG. 3 is a flow chart of a method of adjusting a stereoscopic pair ofimages;

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating the processing of the stereoscopic pairof images in the method of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a step of extracting an image patch;

FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 are flow charts of steps of deriving displacementvector fields according to two alternative approaches;

FIG. 8 and FIG. 9 are flow charts of two alternatives for a step ofadjusting an image;

FIG. 10 is a flow chart of a transformation step within the step ofadjusting an image in the methods shown in FIG. 8 and FIG. 9; and

FIG. 11 is a diagram of a telecommunications system in which the methodmay be implemented.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 illustrate how incorrect gaze is perceived when astereoscopic pair of images of a head is captured by the device 10 shownin FIG. 1 which will be referred to as the source device 10 anddisplayed on a different device 20 shown in FIG. 2 which will bereferred to as the destination device 20.

The capture device 10 includes a display 11 and a camera system 12comprises two cameras 13 used to capture the stereoscopic pair of imagesof the head of a source observer 14. The source observer 14 views thedisplay 11, along line 15. The cameras 13 of the camera system 12 areoffset from the display 11, in this case being above the display 11.Thus, the cameras 13 effectively look down on the source observer 14along line 16.

The display device 20 includes a display 21 which is a stereoscopicdisplay of any known type, for example an autostereoscopic display ofany known type. The display 21 displays the stereoscopic pair of imagesis captured by the capture device 10. A destination observer 24 viewsthe display 21. If the destination observer 24 is located in a normalviewing position perpendicular to the center of the display 21, as shownby the hard outline of the destination observer 24, then the gaze of thesource observer 14 is perceived by the destination observer 24 to bedownwards, rather than looking at the destination observer 24, becausethe cameras 13 of the source device 10 look down on the source observer14.

Although the cameras 13 are above the display 11 in this example, thecameras 13 could in general could be in any location adjacent thedisplay 11, and the gaze of the source observer 14 perceived by thedestination observer 24 would be correspondingly incorrect.

If the destination observer 24 is located in an offset viewing position,as shown by the dotted outline of the destination observer 24 so thatthe destination observer 24 views the display 21 along line 26, then theoffset of the destination observer 24 creates an additional error in thegaze of the source observer 14 perceived by the destination observer 24.A similar additional error in the perceived gaze of the source observer14 occurs if the destination observer 24 is located in the normalviewing position along line 25, but the stereoscopic pair of images isdisplayed on the display 25 in a position offset from the center of thedisplay 25.

A stereoscopic pair of images is an example of multi-view images wherethere are two images. Although FIG. 1 illustrates an example where thecamera system 12 includes two cameras 13 that capture of a stereoscopicpair of images, alternatively the camera system may include more thantwo cameras 13 that capture more than two multi-view images, in whichcase similar issues of incorrect perceived gaze exist on display.

FIG. 3 illustrates a method of adjusting multi-view images to correctsuch errors in the perceived gaze. For simplicity, this method will bedescribed with respect to the adjustment of multi-view images comprisinga stereoscopic pair of images. The method may be generalized tomulti-view images comprising more than two images, simply by performingthe similar processing on a larger number of images.

The method may be performed in an image processor 30. The imageprocessor 30 may be implemented by a processor executing a suitablecomputer program or by dedicated hardware or by some combination ofsoftware and hardware. Where a computer program is used, the computerprogram may comprise instructions in any suitable language and may bestored on a computer readable storage medium, which may be of any type,for example: a recording medium which is insertable into a drive of thecomputing system and which may store information magnetically, opticallyor opto-magnetically; a fixed recording medium of the computer systemsuch as a hard drive; or a computer memory.

The image processor 30 may be provided in the source device 10, thedestination device 10 or in any other device, for example a server on atelecommunications network, which may be suitable in the case that thesource device 10 and the destination device 10 communicate over such atelecommunications network.

The stereoscopic pair of images 31 are captured by the camera system 12.Although the camera systems 12 is illustrated in FIG. 1 as including twocameras 13, this is not limitative and more generally the camera system13 may have the following properties.

The camera system comprises a set of cameras 13, with at least twocameras 13. The cameras are typically spaced apart by a distance lessthan the average human intrapupilar distance. In the alternative thatthe method is applied to more than two multi-view images, then there aremore than two cameras 13, that is one camera 13 image.

The cameras 13 are spatially related to each other and the display 11.The spatial relationship between the cameras 13 themselves and betweenthe cameras 13 and the display 11 is known in advance. Known methods forfinding the spatial relationship may be applied, for example acalibration method using a reference image, or specification a priori.

The cameras 13 face in the same direction as the display 11. Thus, whenthe source observer 14 is viewing the display 11, then the cameras 13face the source observer 14 and the captured. stereoscopic pair ofimages are images of the head of the source observer 14. The cameras inthe camera system can have different fields of view.

The camera system 12 may include cameras 13 having different sensingmodalities, including visible light and infrared.

The main output of the camera system 13 is a stereoscopic pair of images31 which are typically video images output at a video rate. The outputof the camera system 13 may also include data representing the spatialrelationship between the cameras 13 and the display 11, the nature ofthe sensing modalities and internal parameters of the cameras 13 (forexample focal length, optical axis) which may be used for angularlocalization.

The method performed on the stereoscopic pair of images 31 is asfollows. To illustrate the method, reference is also made to FIG. 4which shows an example of the stereoscopic pair of images 31 at variousstages of the method.

In step S1, the stereoscopic pair of images 31 are analyzed to detectthe location of the head and in particular the eyes of the sourceobserver 14 within the stereoscopic pair of images 31. This is performedby detecting presence of a head, tracking the head, and localizing theeyes of the head. Step S1 may be performed using a variety of techniquesthat are known in the art.

One possible technique for detecting the presence of the head is to useHaar feature cascades, for example as disclosed in Viola and Jones,“Rapid Object Detection using a Boosted Cascade of Simple Features”,CVPR 2001, pp 1-9 (incorporated herein by reference).

One possible technique for tracking the head is to use the approach ofActive Appearance Models to provide the position of the head of thesubject, as well as the location of the eyes, for example as disclosedin Cootes et al., “Active shape models—their training and application”,Computer Vision and Image Understanding, 61(1):38-59, January 1995 andin Cootes et al. “Active appearance models”, IEEE Trans. PatternAnalysis and Machine Intelligence, 23(6):681-685, 2001 (incorporatedherein by reference).

In step S1, typically, a set of individual points (“landmarks”) are setto regions of the face, typically the eyes, for example corners of theeye, upper and lower lid locations, etc, thereby localizing the eyes.

In step S2, image patches containing the left and right eyes of thehead, respectively are identified in each image 31 of the stereoscopicpair. FIG. 4 shows the identified image patches 32 of the right eye ineach image 31 (the image patches for the left eye being omitted in FIG.4 for clarity).

Step S2 may be performed as shown in FIG. 5, as follows.

In step S2-1, image patches 32 containing the left and right eyes of thehead are identified in each image 31 of the stereoscopic pair. This isdone by identifying an image patch 39 in each image 31 located aroundthe identified points (“landmarks”) corresponding to features of an eye,as shown for example in FIG. 4.

In step S2-2, the image patches 32 identified in step S2-1 aretransformed into a normalized coordinate system, being the samenormalized coordinate system as used in the machine learning processwhich is described further below. The transformation is chosen to alignthe points (“landmarks”) of the eye within the image patch that wereidentified in step S1, with predetermined locations in the normalizedcoordinate system. The transformation may include translation, rotationand scaling, to appropriate extents to achieve that alignment. Theoutput of step S2-2 is identified image patches 33 of the right eye ineach image in the normalized coordinate system as shown for example inFIG. 4.

The following steps are performed separately (a) in respect of the imagepatches containing the left eyes of the head in each image 31 of thestereoscopic pair, and (b) in respect of the image patches containingthe right eyes of the head in each image 31 of the stereoscopic pair.For brevity, the following description will refer merely to imagepatches and eyes without specifying the left or right eye, but notingthe same steps are performed for both left and right eyes.

In step S3, a feature vector 34 is derived from plural local imagedescriptors of an image patch 33 in at least one image 31 of thestereoscopic pair. Depending on the approach and as described furtherbelow, this may be an image patch in a single image 31 of thestereoscopic pair or may be both images 31 of the stereoscopic pair.Thus, the local image descriptors are local image descriptors derived inthe normalized coordinate system.

The feature vectors 34 are representations of the image patches 33 thatare suitable for use in looking up reference data 35 comprisingreference displacement vector fields that represent transformations ofthe image patch and are associated with possible values of the featurevector.

The reference data 35 is obtained and analyzed in advance using amachine learning technique which derives the form of the feature vectors34 and associates the reference displacement vector fields with thepossible values of the feature vector. Accordingly, the machine learningtechnique will now be described before reverting to the method of FIG.3.

The training input to the machine learning technique is two sets ofimages, which may be stereoscopic pairs of images or monoscopic images,as discussed further below. Each set comprises images of the head of thesame group of individuals but captured from cameras in differentlocations relative to the gaze so that the perceived gaze differs asbetween them.

The first set are input images, being images of each individual with anincorrect gaze where the error is known a priori. In particular, theimages in the first set may be captured by at least one cameras in aknown camera location where the gaze of the individual which is in adifferent known direction. For example in the case of the source deviceof FIG. 1, the camera location may be the location of a camera 13 andwhile the gaze of the imaged individual is towards the center of thedisplay 11.

The second set are output images, being images of each individual withcorrect gaze for a predetermined observer location relative to a displaylocation in which the image is to be displayed. In the simplest case,the observer location is a normal viewing position perpendicular to thecenter of the display location, for example as shown by the hard outlineof the destination observer 24 in the case of the destination device 20of FIG. 2.

For each image in the two sets, the image is analyzed to detect thelocation of the head and in particular the eyes using the same techniqueas used in step S1 described above, and then image patches containingthe left and right eyes of the head, respectively, are identified usingthe same technique as used in step S2 described above. The followingsteps are then performed separately (a) in respect of the image patchescontaining the left eyes of the head in each image, and (b) in respectof the image patches containing the right eyes of the head in eachimage. For brevity, the following description will refer merely to imagepatches and eyes without specifying the left or right eye, but notingthe same steps are performed for both left and right eyes.

Each image patch is transformed into the same normalized coordinatesystem as used in step S2 described above. As described above, thetransformation is chosen to align points (“landmarks”) of the eye withpredetermined locations in the normalized coordinate system. Thetransformation may include translation, rotation and scaling, toappropriate extents to achieve that alignment.

Thus, the image patches input and output images of each individual arealigned in the normalized coordinate system.

From an input and output image of each individual, there is derived adisplacement vector field that represents the transformation of theimage patch in the input image required to obtain the image patch of theoutput image, for example as follows. Defining positions in the imagepatches by (x,y), the displacement vector field F is given by

F={u(x,y),v(x,y)}

where u and v define the horizontal and vertical components of thevector at each position (x,y).

The displacement vector field F is chosen so that the image patch of theoutput image O(x,y) is derived from the image patch of the input imageI(x,y) as

O(x,y)=I(x+u(x,y),y+v(x,y))

For image data from more than one camera, the system delivers adisplacement vector field for the input image from each camera.

The displacement vector field F for an input and output image of anindividual may be derived using a process in which a trial featurevector F′={u′,v′} is modified to minimize error, optionally in aniterative process, for example in accordance with:

Σ|O(x,y)−I(x+u′(x,y),y+v′(x,y))|=min!

By way of non-limitative example, the displacement vector field F may bederived as disclosed in Kononenko et al., “Learning To Look Up: RealtimeMonocular Gaze Correction Using Machine Learning”, Computer Vision andPattern Recognition, 2015, pp. 4667-4675 (incorporated herein byreference), wherein the displacement vector field F is referred to as a“flow field”.

A machine learning technique is used to obtain a map from thedisplacement vector field F of each individual to respective featurevectors derived from plural local image descriptors of the image patchof the input image.

The local descriptors capture relevant information of a local part ofthe image patch of the input image and the set of descriptors usuallyform a continuous vectorial output.

The local image descriptors input into the machine learning process areof types expected to provide discrimination between differentindividuals, although the specific local image descriptors are selectedand optimized by the machine learning process itself. In general, thelocal image descriptors may be of any suitable type, some non-limitativeexamples which may be applied in any combination being as follows.

The local image descriptors may include values of individual pixels or alinear combination thereof. Such a linear combination may be, forexample, a difference between the pixels at two points, a kernel derivedwithin a mask at an arbitrary location, or a difference between twokernels at different locations.

The local image descriptors may include distances of a pixel locationfrom the position of an eye point (“landmark”).

The local image descriptors may include SIFT features (Scale-invariantfeature transform features), for example as disclosed in Lowe,“Distinctive Image Features from Scale-Invariant Keypoints”,International Journal of Computer Vision 60 (2), pp 91-110 (incorporatedherein by reference).

The local image descriptors may include HOG features (Histogram ofOriented Gradients features), for example as disclosed in Dalal et al.“Histograms of Oriented Gradients for Human Detection”, Computer Visionand Pattern Recognition, 2005, pp. 886-893 (incorporated herein byreference).

The derivation of the feature vector from plural local image descriptorsdepends on the type of machine learning applied.

In a first type of machine learning technique, the feature vector maycomprise features that are values derived from the local imagedescriptors in a discrete space, being binary values or valuesdiscretized into more than two possible values. In this case, themachine learning technique associates a reference displacement vectorfield F derived from the training input with each possible value of thefeature vector in the discrete space, so the reference data 35 isessentially a look-up table. This allows a reference displacement vectorfield F to be simply selected from the reference data 35 on the basis ofthe feature vector 34 derived in step S3, as described below.

In the case that the feature vector comprises features that are binaryvalues derived from the local image descriptors, the feature vector hasa binary representation. Such binary values may be derived in variousways from the values of descriptors, for example by comparing the valueof a descriptor with a threshold, comparing the value of twodescriptors, or by comparing the distance of a pixel location from theposition of an eye point (“landmark”).

Alternatively, the feature vector may comprise features that arediscretized values of the local image descriptors. In this case, morethan two discrete values of each feature are possible.

Any suitable machine learning technique may be applied, for exampleusing a decision tree, a decision forest, a decision fern or an ensembleor combination thereof.

By way of example, a suitable machine learning technique using a featurevector comprising features that are binary values derived by comparing aset of individual pixels or a linear combination thereof against athreshold, is disclosed in Ozuysal et al. “Fast Keypoint Recognition inTen Lines of Code”, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2007, pp.1-8 (incorporated herein by reference).

By way of further example, a suitable machine learning technique using adistance of a pixel location with the position of an eye landmark isdisclosed in Kononenko et al., “Learning To Look Up: Realtime MonocularGaze Correction Using Machine Learning”, Computer Vision and PatternRecognition, 2015, pp. 4667-4675 (incorporated herein by reference).

By way of further example, a suitable machine learning technique using arandom decision forest is disclosed in Ho, “Random Decision Forests”,Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Document Analysis andRecognition, Montreal, QC, 14-16 Aug. 1995, pp. 278-282 (incorporatedherein by reference).

In a second type of machine learning technique, the feature vector maycomprise features that are discrete values of the local imagedescriptors in a continuous space. In this case, the machine learningtechnique associates a reference displacement vector field F derivedfrom the training input with possible discrete values of the featurevector in the continuous space. This allows a displacement vector fieldF to be derived from the reference data 35 by interpolation from thereference displacement vector fields based on the relationship betweenthe feature vector 34 derived in step S3 and the values of the featurevector associated with the reference displacement vector fields.

Any suitable machine learning technique may be applied, for exampleusing support vector regression.

By way of example, a suitable machine learning technique using supportvector regression is disclosed in Drucker et al. “Support VectorRegression Machines”, Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems9, NIPS 1996, 155-161, (incorporated herein by reference). The output ofthe technique is a continuously varying set of interpolation directionsthat form part of the reference data 35 and are used in theinterpolation.

The machine learning technique, regardless of its type, inherently alsoderives the form of the feature vectors 34 that is used to derive thereference displacement vector fields F. This is the form of the featurevectors 34 that is derived in step S3.

Optionally, the output of the machine learning technique may beaugmented to provide confidence values associated with derivation of adisplacement vector field from the reference data 35.

In the case that the feature vector comprises features that are valuesin a discrete space, a confidence value is derived for each referencedisplacement vector field.

One example of deriving a confidence value is to keep, for eachresulting index (value of the feature vector) in the resulting look-uptable, a distribution of the corresponding part of the input image inthe training data. In this case, the confidence value may be the amountof training data that ended up with the same index, divided by the totalnumber of training data exemplars.

Another example of deriving a confidence value is to fit a Gaussian tothe distribution of input images in the training data in each binindexed, and to use the trace of the covariance matrix around the meanvalue as the confidence value.

In the case that the feature vector comprises features that are discretevalues of the local image descriptors in a continuous space, theconfidence values may be derived according to the machine learningmethod used. For example, when using support vector regression, theconfidence values may be the inverse of the maximum distance to thesupport vectors.

Where used, the confidence values are stored as part of the referencedata.

The description now reverts to the method of FIG. 3.

In step S4, at least one displacement vector field 37 representing atransformation of an image patch is derived by using the feature vector34 derived in step S3 is to look up the reference data 35. Due to thederivation of the displacement vector field 37 from the reference data35, the transformation represented thereby corrects the gaze that willbe perceived when the stereoscopic pair of images 31 are displayed.

In the case that the feature vector 34 comprises features that arevalues in a discrete space and the reference displacement vector fieldsof the reference data 35 comprise a reference displacement vector fieldassociated with each possible value of the feature vector in thediscrete space, then the displacement vector field for the image patchis derived by selecting the reference displacement field associated withthe actual value of the derived feature vector 34.

In the case that the feature vector 34 comprises features that arediscrete values of the local image descriptors in a continuous space,then then the displacement vector field for the image patch is derivedby interpolating a displacement vector field from the referencedisplacement vector fields based on the relationship between the actualvalue of the derived feature vector 34 and the values of the featurevectors associated with the reference displacement vector fields. In thecase that the machine learning technique was support vector regression,This may be done using the interpolation directions that form part ofthe reference data 35.

Some different approaches to the derivation of the displacement vectorfield 37 in step S4 will now be described.

In a first approach, in step S4, a displacement vector field 37 isderived in respect of the image patches in each image 31 of thestereoscopic pair independently. This first approach may be applied whenthe reference data 35 was derived from monoscopic images. This approachprovides for correction of gaze, but there is a risk that thedisplacement vector fields 37 in respect of each image may beinconsistent with each other, with the result that conflictingtransformations are subsequently performed which can distort thestereoscopic effect and/or reduce the quality of the image.

Other approaches which overcome this problem are as follows.

In a second possible approach, the plural local image descriptors usedin deriving the feature vector 34 in step S3 are plural local imagedescriptors in both images of the stereoscopic pair. In this case, thereference data 35 similarly comprises pairs of reference displacementvector fields for each image 31 of the stereoscopic image pair, it beingthe pairs of reference displacement vector fields that are associatedwith possible values of the feature vector 34.

This second approach allows a pair of displacement vector fields 35 tobe derived from the reference data 35, that is one displacement vectorfield for each image 31 of the stereoscopic pair. As such, the deriveddisplacement vector fields for each image 31 of the stereoscopic pairare inherently consistent since they are derived together from theconsistent pairs of reference displacement vector fields in thereference data 35.

The downside of this second approach is that it requires the referencedata 35 to be derived from training input to the machine learningtechnique that is stereoscopic pairs of images. This does not create anytechnical difficulty, but may create some practical inconvenience asmonoscopic imagery is more commonly available. Accordingly, thefollowing approaches may be applied when the reference data 35 isderived from training input to the machine learning technique that ismonoscopic images.

In a third possible approach, a feature vector 34 is derived from plurallocal image descriptors that are plural local image descriptors derivedfrom one image of the stereoscopic pair. In that case, the displacementvector fields 37 are derived as shown in FIG. 6 as follows.

In step S4-1, a first displacement vector field 37 representing atransformation of the image patch in said one image 31 of thestereoscopic pair (which may be either image 31) is derived. This isdone using the derived feature vector 34 to look up the reference data35.

In step S4-2, a displacement vector field 37 representing atransformation of the image patch in the other image 31 of thestereoscopic pair is derived. This is done by transforming thedisplacement vector field derived in step S4-1 in accordance with anestimate of the optical flow between the image patches in the images 31of the stereoscopic pair.

The optical flow represents the effect of the different camera locationsas between the images 31 of the stereoscopic pair. Such an optical flowis known in itself and may be estimated using known techniques forexample as disclosed in Zach et al., “A Duality Based Approach forRealtime TV-L1 Optical Flow”, Pattern Recognition (Proc. DAGM), 2007,pp. 214-223 (incorporated herein by reference).

By way of example, if the first displacement vector field 37 derived instep S4-1 is for the left image L_(o), L_(i) (where the subscripts o andi represent the output and input images respectively), and the opticalflow to the right image R_(o) is represented by a displacement vectorfield G given by

G={s(x,y),t(x,y)}

then the second displacement vector field 37 may be derived inaccordance with

R _(o)(x,y)=L _(o)(x+s(x,y),y+t(x,y))=L_(i)(x+s+u(x+s,y+t,y+t+v(x+s,y+t)

Thus, in the third approach, the displacement vector fields 37 derivedin respect of each image 31 of the stereoscopic pair are consistent,because only one displacement vector field is derived from the referencedata 35, and the other displacement vector field is derived therefromusing a transformation which maintains consistency because it is derivedin accordance with an estimate of the optical flow between the imagepatches in the images 31 of the stereoscopic pair.

In a fourth possible approach, a feature vector 34 is derived fromplural local image descriptors that are plural local image descriptorsderived from both images of the stereoscopic pair. In that case, thedisplacement vector fields 37 are derived as shown in FIG. 7 as follows.

In step S4-3, an initial displacement vector field representing anotional transformation of a notional image patch in a notional imagehaving a notional camera location in a predetermined location relativeto the camera locations of the images 31, in this example between thecamera locations of the images 31. This may be thought of as a Cyclopeaneye. This is done using the derived feature vector 34 to look up thereference data 35 which comprises reference displacement vector fieldsassociated with possible values of the feature vector. This means thatthe reference data 35 is correspondingly structured, but may still bederived from training input that comprises monoscopic images.

In step S4-4, a displacement vector fields 37 representingtransformations of the image patches in each image 31 of thestereoscopic pair are derived. This is done by transforming the initialdisplacement vector field derived in step S4-3 in accordance with anestimate of the optical flow between the notional image patches in thenotional images and the image patches in the images 31 of thestereoscopic pair.

The optical flow represents the effect of the different camera locationsas between the notional image and the images 31 of the stereoscopicpair. Such an optical flow is known in itself and may be estimated usingknown techniques for example as disclosed in Zach et al., “A DualityBased Approach for Realtime TV-L1 Optical Flow”, Pattern Recognition(Proc. DAGM), 2007, pp. 214-223 (as cited above and incorporated hereinby reference).

By way of example, if the optical flow from the left image L to theright image R is represented by a displacement vector field G given by

G={s(x,y),t(x,y)}

then the transformation deriving the notional image C is given by

${C\left( {x,y} \right)} = {{R\left( {{x - \frac{s\left( {x,y} \right)}{2}},{y - \frac{t\left( {s,y} \right)}{2}}} \right)} = {L\left( {{x + \frac{s\left( {x,y} \right)}{2}},{y + \frac{t\left( {x,y} \right)}{2}}} \right)}}$

Thus, in this example, the initial displacement vector field F derivedin step S4-3 for this notional image C is transformed in step S4-4 toderive the flow fields F_(rc) and F_(lc) for the right and left imagesin accordance with

${F_{rc}\left( {x,y} \right)} = \left\{ {{{u\left( {x,y} \right)} + \frac{s\left( {x,y} \right)}{2}},{{v\left( {x,y} \right)} + \frac{t\left( {x,y} \right)}{2}}} \right\}$${F_{lc}\left( {x,y} \right)} = \left\{ {{{u\left( {x,y} \right)} - \frac{s\left( {x,y} \right)}{2}},{{v\left( {x,y} \right)} - \frac{t\left( {x,y} \right)}{2}}} \right\}$

Thus, in the fourth approach, the displacement vector fields 37 derivedin respect of each image 31 of the stereoscopic pair are consistent,because only one displacement vector field is derived from the referencedata 35, this representing a notional transformation of a notional imagepatch in a notional image, and the displacement vector fields for theleft and right images are derived therefrom using a transformation whichmaintains consistency because it is derived in accordance with anestimate of the optical flow between the image patches in the notionalimage and in the images 31 of the stereoscopic pair.

In step S5, each image 31 of the stereoscopic pair is adjusted bytransforming the image patches containing the left and right eyes of thehead in accordance with the derived displacement vector fields 37. Thisproduces an adjusted stereoscopic pair of images 38 as shown in FIG. 4,in which the gaze has been corrected. In particular, the adjustment maybe performed using two alternative methods, as follows.

A first method for performing step S5 is shown in FIG. 8 and performedas follows.

In step S5-1, the image patch is transformed in the normalisedcoordinate system in accordance with the corresponding displacementvector field 37 in respect of the same image, thereby correcting thegaze. As described above, for a displacement vector field F thetransformation of the image patch of the input image I(x,y) provides theoutput image O(x,y) in accordance with

O(x,y)=I(x+u(x,y),y+v(x,y))

In step S5-2, the transformed image patch output from step S5-1 istransformed out of the normalised coordinate system, back into theoriginal coordinate system of the corresponding image 31. This is doneusing the inverse transformation from that applied in step S2-2.

In step S5-3, the transformed image patch output from step S5-2 issuperimposed on the corresponding image 31. This may be done with a fullreplacement within an eye region corresponding to the eye itself, and asmoothed transition between the transformed image patch and the originalimage 31 over a boundary region around the eye region. The width of theboundary region may be of fixed size or a percentage of the size of theimage patch in the original image 31.

A second method for performing step S5 is shown in FIG. 9 and performedas follows.

In this second, alternative method, the transformation back into thecoordinate system of the corresponding image 31 occurs before thetransformation of the image patch in accordance with the transformeddisplacement vector field F.

In step S5-4, the displacement vector field F is transformed out of thenormalised coordinate system, back into the original coordinate systemof the corresponding image 31. This is done using the inversetransformation from that applied in step S2-2.

In step S5-5, the image patch 32 in the coordinate system of the image31 is transformed in accordance with the displacement vector field Fthat has been transformed into the same coordinate system in step S5-4.As described above, for a displacement vector field F the transformationof the image patch of the input image I(x,y) provides the output imageO(x,y) in accordance with

O(x,y)=I(x+u(x,y),y+v(x,y))

but this is now performed in the coordinate system of the original image31.

Step S5-6 is the same as S5-3. Thus, in step S5-6, the transformed imagepatch output from step S5-5 is superimposed on the corresponding image31. This may be done with a full replacement within an eye regioncorresponding to the eye itself, and a smoothed transition between thetransformed image patch and the original image 31 over a boundary regionaround the eye region. The width of the boundary region may be of fixedsize or a percentage of the size of the image patch in the originalimage 31.

The displacement vector fields 37 used in step S5 will now be discussed.

One option is that the displacement vector fields 37 derived in step S4in respect of the left and right images are used directly in step S5.That is, the image patch in respect of each image 31 of the stereoscopicpatch is transformed in accordance with the displacement vector field 37in respect of that image 31. This is appropriate if the displacementvector fields 37 are sufficiently accurate, for example because theyhave been derived from reference data 35 that is itself derived fromstereoscopic imagery in accordance with the second approach describedabove.

An alternative option in accordance with a fifth approach is that amerged displacement vector field 39 is derived and used. This may beapplied in combination with any of the first to fourth approachesdiscussed above. In this case, step S5 additionally includes step S5-aas shown in FIG. 10 which is performed before step S5-1 in the firstmethod of FIG. 8 or before step S5-4 in the second method of FIG. 9. Instep S5-a, a merged displacement vector field 39 is derived from thedisplacement vector fields 37 derived in step S4 in respect of the imagepatches in each image 31 of the stereoscopic pair.

The rest of step S5 is then performed using the merged displacementvector field 39 in respect of each image 31. That is, in the firstmethod of FIG. 8, the image patch 33 in respect of each image 31 of thestereoscopic pair is transformed in step S5-1 of in accordance with themerged displacement vector field 39. Similarly, in the second method ofFIG. 9, in step S5-4 the merged displacement vector field 39 istransformed and in step S5-5 the image patch 33 in respect of each image31 of the stereoscopic pair is transformed in accordance with thatmerged displacement vector field 39.

In this case, the displacement vector fields for each image areconsistent because they are the same.

The merging in step S5-1 a may be performed in any suitable manner.

In one example, the merging in step S5-1 a may be a simple average ofthe displacement vector fields 37 derived in step S4

In another example, the merging in step S5-1 a may be an average that isweighted by a confidence value associated with each derived displacementvector field 37. In this case, confidence values form part of thereference data 35, in the manner described above, and in step S4 theconfidence values are derived from the reference data 35, together withthe derived displacement vector field 37.

By way of example, denoting the derived displacement vector field 37 asF_(i), the merged displacement vector field 39 as F_(avg), and theconfidence values as a_(i), then the merged displacement vector field 39may be derived as

$F_{avg} = \frac{\Sigma \; a_{i}F_{i}}{\Sigma \; a_{i}}$

In the example described above, gaze is corrected for a destinationobserver 24 in an observer location that is a normal viewing positionperpendicular to the center of the display location, for example asshown by the hard outline of the destination observer 24 in the case ofthe destination device 20 of FIG. 2. This is sufficient in manysituations. However, there will now be described an optionalmodification which allows gaze is corrected for a destination observer24 in a different observer location, for example as shown by the dottedoutline of the destination observer 24 in the case of the destinationdevice 20 of FIG. 2.

In this case, the method further comprises using location data 40representing the observer location relative to a display location of thestereoscopic pair of images 31. This location data 40 may be derived inthe destination device 20, for example as described below. In that case,if the method is not performed in the destination device 20, then thelocation data 40 is transmitted to the device in which the method isperformed.

The relative observer location may take into account the location of theobserver with respect to the display 21. This may be determined using acamera system in the destination device 20 and an appropriate headtracking module to detect the location of the destination observer 24.

The relative observer location may assume that the image is displayedcentrally on the display 21. Alternatively, relative observer locationmay take into account both the location of the observer with respect tothe display 21 and the location of the image displayed on the display21. In this case, the location of the image displayed on the display 21may be derived from the display geometry (for example, the position andarea of a display window and the size of the display 21).

To account for different observer locations, the reference data 34comprises plural sets of reference displacement vector fields, each setbeing associated with different observer locations. This is achieved bythe training input to the machine learning technique comprising pluralsecond sets of output images, each second set being images of eachindividual with correct gaze for a respective, predetermined observerlocation relative to a display location in which the image is to bedisplayed. Thus, in step S4, the displacement vector fields 37 arederived by looking up the set of reference displacement vector fieldsassociated with the observer location represented by the location data.

As described above, the method may be implemented in an image processor30 provided in various different devices. By way of non-limitativeexample, there will now be described an particular implementation in atelecommunications system which is shown in FIG. 11 and arranged asfollows.

In this implementation, the source device 10 and the destination device10 communicate over such a telecommunications network 50. Forcommunication over the telecommunications network 50, the source device10 includes a telecommunications interface 17 and the destination device20 includes a telecommunications interface 27.

In this implementation, the image processor 30 is provided in the sourcedevice 10 and is provided with the stereoscopic pair of images directlyfrom the camera system 12. The telecommunications interface 17 isarranged to transmit the adjusted stereoscopic pair of images 38 overthe telecommunications network 50 to the destination device 20 fordisplay thereon.

The destination device 20 includes an image display module 28 thatcontrols the display 26. The adjusted stereoscopic pair of images 38 arereceived in the destination device 20 by the telecommunicationsinterface 27 and supplied to the image display module 28 which causesthem to be displayed on the display 26.

The following elements of the destination device 20 are optionallyincluded in the case that the method corrects gaze for a destinationobserver 24 in an observer location other than a normal viewing positionperpendicular to the center of the display location. In this case, thedestination device 20 includes a camera system 23 and an observerlocation module 29. The camera system 23 captures an image of thedestination observer 24. The observer location module 29 derives thelocation data 40. The observer location module 29 includes a headtracking module that uses the output of the camera system 23 to detectthe location of the destination observer 24. The observer locationmodule 29. Where the relative observer location also takes into accountthe location of the image displayed on the display 21, the observerlocation module 29 obtains the location of the image displayed on thedisplay 21 from the image display module 28. The telecommunicationsinterface 17 is arranged to transmit the location data 40 over thetelecommunications network 50 to the source device 10 for use thereby.

Although the above description refers to a method applied to imagessupplied from a source device 10 to a destination device 20, the methodmay equally be applied to images supplied from in the opposite directionfrom the destination device 20 to the source device 10, in which casethe destination device 20 effectively becomes the “source device” andthe source device 10 effectively becomes the “destination device”. Whereimages are supplied bi-directionally, the labels “source” and“destination” may be applied to both devices, depending on the directionof communication being considered.

While various embodiments in accordance with the principles disclosedherein have been described above, it should be understood that they havebeen presented by way of example only, and not limitation. Thus, thebreadth and scope of this disclosure should not be limited by any of theabove-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only inaccordance with any claims and their equivalents issuing from thisdisclosure. Furthermore, the above advantages and features are providedin described embodiments, but shall not limit the application of suchissued claims to processes and structures accomplishing any or all ofthe above advantages.

Additionally, the section headings herein are provided for consistencywith the suggestions under 37 CFR 1.77 or otherwise to provideorganizational cues. These headings shall not limit or characterize theembodiment(s) set out in any claims that may issue from this disclosure.Specifically and by way of example, although the headings refer to a“Technical Field,” the claims should not be limited by the languagechosen under this heading to describe the so-called field. Further, adescription of a technology in the “Background” is not to be construedas an admission that certain technology is prior art to anyembodiment(s) in this disclosure. Neither is the “Summary” to beconsidered as a characterization of the embodiment(s) set forth inissued claims. Furthermore, any reference in this disclosure to“invention” in the singular should not be used to argue that there isonly a single point of novelty in this disclosure. Multiple embodimentsmay be set forth according to the limitations of the multiple claimsissuing from this disclosure, and such claims accordingly define theembodiment(s), and their equivalents, that are protected thereby. In allinstances, the scope of such claims shall be considered on their ownmerits in light of this disclosure, but should not be constrained by theheadings set forth herein.

1-19. (canceled)
 20. A telecommunications device comprising: a display;a camera system configured to capture multi-view images of a head; animage processor arranged to process the multi-view images of a head by:in each image, identifying image patches containing the left and righteyes of the head, respectively; in respect of the image patchescontaining the left eyes of the head in each image of the multi-viewimages, and also in respect of the image patches containing the righteyes of the head in each image of the multi-view images, performing thesteps of: deriving a feature vector from plural local image descriptorsof the image patch in at least one image of the multi-view images; andderiving a displacement vector field representing a transformation of animage patch, using the derived feature vector to look up reference datacomprising reference displacement vector fields associated with possiblevalues of the feature vector; and adjusting each image of the multi-viewimages by transforming the image patches containing the left and righteyes of the head in accordance with the derived displacement vectorfield; and a telecommunications interface arranged to communicate theadjusted images over a telecommunications network to a destinationdevice for display thereon.
 21. A telecommunications device according toclaim 20 wherein the camera system is located in a position that isoffset from an edge of a display of the electronic device.
 22. Atelecommunications device according to claim 20 wherein the camerasystem is located in a position that is adjacent to an edge of a displayof the electronic device.
 23. A telecommunications device according toclaim 20 wherein the camera system comprises at least two cameras.
 24. Atelecommunications device according to claim 23 wherein the at least twocameras comprise different sensing modalities.
 25. A telecommunicationsdevice according to claim 23 wherein the at least two cameras comprise avisible light camera and an infrared camera.
 26. A telecommunicationsdevice according to claim 23 wherein the at least two cameras havedifferent fields of view.
 27. A telecommunications device according toclaim 23 wherein the at least two cameras are spaced apart by a distanceless than average human interpupillary distance.
 28. Atelecommunications device according to claim 20 wherein a machinelearning algorithm is used to obtain a map from the displacement vectorfield of each individual to respective feature vectors derived fromplural local image descriptors of the image patch.
 29. Atelecommunications device according to claim 20, wherein the multi-viewimages are stereoscopic images.
 30. A telecommunications deviceaccording to claim 20, wherein said plural local image descriptors areplural local image descriptors in each images of the multi-view images,and said reference data comprising pairs of reference displacementvector fields for each image of the multi-view images, which pairs ofreference displacement vector fields are associated with possible valuesof the feature vector.
 31. A telecommunications device according toclaim 20, wherein said plural local image descriptors are plural localimage descriptors in one image of the multi-view images, said step ofderiving displacement vector fields comprises: deriving a displacementvector field representing a transformation of the image patch in saidone image of the multi-view images, using the derived feature vector tolook up reference data comprising reference displacement vector fieldsassociated with possible values of the feature vector; and deriving adisplacement vector field representing a transformation of the imagepatch in the other multi-view image or images by transforming thederived displacement vector field representing a transformation of theimage patch in said one image of the multi-view images in accordancewith an estimate of the optical flow between the image patches in saidone image of the multi-view images and the other multi-view image orimages.
 32. A telecommunications device according to claim 20, whereinsaid plural local image descriptors are plural local image descriptorsin both images of the stereoscopic pair, said step of derivingdisplacement vector fields comprises: deriving an initial displacementvector field representing a notional transformation of a notional imagepatch in a notional image having a notional camera location relative tothe camera locations of the multi-view images, using the derived featurevector to look up reference data comprising reference displacementvector fields associated with possible values of the feature vector; andderiving displacement vector fields representing a transformation of theimage patches in each image of the multi-view images by transforming theinitial displacement vector field in accordance with an estimate of theoptical flows between the notional image patches in the notional imagesand the image patches in the images of the multi-view images.
 33. Atelecommunications device according to claim 32, wherein the multi-viewimages are a stereoscopic pair of images and the notional cameralocation is between the camera locations of the images of thestereoscopic pair.
 34. A telecommunications device according to claim20, wherein the step of deriving a displacement vector field comprisesderiving displacement vector fields in respect of the image patches ineach image of the multi-view images, and the step of transforming theimage patches containing the left and right eyes of the head isperformed in accordance with the displacement vector fields derived inrespect of the image patches in each image of the multi-view images. 35.A telecommunications device according to claim 20, wherein the step ofderiving a displacement vector field comprises deriving displacementvector fields in respect of the image patches in each image of themulti-view images, and further deriving a merged displacement vectorfield from the displacement vector fields derived in respect of theimage patches in each image of the multi-view images, and the step oftransforming the image patches containing the left and right eyes of thehead is performed in accordance with the merged displacement vectorfield.
 36. A telecommunications device according to claim 20, whereinthe reference displacement vector fields are further associated withconfidence values, the step of deriving displacement vector fields inrespect of the image patches in each image of the multi-view imagesfurther comprises deriving a confidence value associated with eachderived displacement vector field, and the merged displacement vectorfield is an average of the displacement vector fields derived in respectof the image patches in each image of the multi-view images weighted bythe derived confidence values.
 37. A telecommunications device accordingto claim 20, wherein the device uses location data representing anobserver location relative to a display location of the multi-viewimages, said reference data comprises plural sets of referencedisplacement vector fields associated with possible values of thefeature vector, which sets are associated with different observerlocations, and said step of deriving displacement vector fieldsrepresenting a transformation of an image patch is performed using thederived feature vector to look up the set of reference displacementvector fields associated with the observer location represented by thelocation data.
 38. A telecommunications device according to claim 20,wherein the local image descriptors are local image descriptors derivedin a normalized coordinate system, and the reference and deriveddisplacement vector fields are displacement vector fields in the samenormalized coordinate system.
 39. A telecommunications device accordingto claim 20, wherein the feature vector comprises features that arevalues derived from the local image descriptors in a discrete space, thereference displacement vector fields comprise a reference displacementvector field associated with each possible value of the feature vectorin the discrete space, and the step of deriving a displacement vectorfield for the image patch comprises selecting the reference displacementfield associated with the actual value of the derived feature vector.40. A telecommunications device according to claim 20, wherein thefeature vector comprises features that are discrete values of the localimage descriptors in a continuous space, and the step of deriving adisplacement vector field for the image patch comprises interpolating adisplacement vector field from the reference displacement vector fieldsbased on the relationship between the actual value of the derivedfeature vector and the values of the feature vector associated with thereference displacement vector fields.